#Radio clock chip portable

The cavity was made unnecessary by the use of a quantum technique, coherent population trapping.ДЄt least one company, Microsemi, produces a version of the clock. Another advance was the elimination of the microwave cavity used in conventional clocks, whose size, equal to a wavelength of the microwave frequency, about 3 cm, formed the fundamental lower limit to the size of the clock. In the CSAC this was replaced by an infrared vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) fabricated on the chip, with its beam radiating upward into the caesium capsule above it. The light source in conventional atomic clocks is a rubidium atomic-vapor discharge lamp, which was bulky and consumed large amounts of power. In the CSAC, MEMS techniques were used to create a caesium capsule only 2 cubic millimeters in size.

Conventional caesium clocks use a glass tube containing caesium, which are challenging to make smaller than 1В cm. An important part of development was designing the device so it could be manufactured using standard semiconductor fabrication techniques where possible, to keep its cost low enough that it could become a mass market device. Shrinking these to the size of a semiconductor chip required extensive development and several breakthroughs. The output of the photodetector is used as feedback in a frequency locked loop circuit to keep the oscillator at the correct frequency.Д¬onventional vapor cell atomic clocks are about the size of a deck of cards, consume about 10 W of electrical power and cost about $3,000. When the oscillator is at the precise frequency of the transition, the optical absorption of the caesium atoms is reduced, increasing the output of the photodetector. A semiconductor laser shines a beam of infrared light modulated by the microwave oscillator through the capsule onto a photodetector. On the chip, liquid metal caesium in a tiny 2В mm capsule, fabricated using silicon micromachining techniques, is heated to vaporize the alkali metal. A feedback mechanism keeps a quartz crystal oscillator on the chip locked to this frequency, which is divided down by digital counters to give 10В MHz and 1В Hz clock signals provided to output pins. Like other caesium atomic clocks, the clock keeps time by a precise 9.192631770В GHz microwave signal emitted by electron spin transitions between two hyperfine energy levels in atoms of caesium-133. The new design has yet to be commercialized. The CSAC, the world's smallest atomic clock, is 4 x 3.5 x 1В cm (1.5 x 1.4 x 0.4 inches) in size, weighs 35В grams, consumes only 115В mW of power, and can keep time to within 100 microseconds per day after several years of operation.ДЄ more stable design based on the vibration of rubidium atoms was demonstrated by NIST in 2019. Commercial manufacturing of these atomic clocks began in 2011. In military equipment it is expected to provide improved location and battlespace situational awareness for dismounted soldiers when the global positioning system is not available, but many civilian applications are also envisioned.

#Radio clock chip portable

The work was funded by the US Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) with the goal of developing a microchip-sized atomic clock for use in portable equipment. The first CSAC physics package was demonstrated at NIST in 2003, based on an invention made in 2001. The physics package of the NIST chip-scale atomic clockДЄ chip scale atomic clock (CSAC) is a compact, low-power atomic clock fabricated using techniques of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and incorporating a low-power semiconductor laser as the light source.